
About the author
Marianela Sánchez: Professional degree in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (2011) from University of Chile. Currently, she is doctoral student in Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of Chile. The working title of her thesis is: “Calcium carbonate classical and non-classical crystallization dynamics study by means of functionalized biopolymeric substrates” at the Polyforsm Lab. Her research interests include Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Engineering.

About the author
Andrés Vargas-Fernández: is Veterinarian, completed his undergraduate and Master at School of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (FAVET) in the University of Chile. His main motivation is generate innovative methodologies and development of protocols for the generation of calcium oxalate in the development of his master’s thesis under the supervision of Dr. Andrónico Neira-Carrillo, in the Laboratory of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers and Biomolecules (Polyforms) at the same School.

About the author
Juan Francisco Silva: Assistant Professor at the Material Chemistry Department, Electrocatálisis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Chile, Santiago, Chile. He has 10 years’ experience of Electrochemistry areas.

About the author
Patricio Vásquez-Quitral: He is Veterinarian, completed his undergraduate and Master at School of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (FAVET) in the University of Chile. Nowadays, he is Doctor (c) in Livestock, Agricultural & Forestry Sciences (CSAV), Area of expertise: Biomedicine and Prevention of Diseases. His main motivation is the study of biochemical and molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, as well as the search and synthesis of natural and synthetic compounds with potential preventive effect on the urinary stone formation in mammals. Currently, Mr. Vásquez-Quitral is preparing his doctoral thesis entitled
“Effect of Acidic Polyanions on the Mineralization of Calcium carbonate and Calcium Oxalate by Essay of Crystallization Classical and Non Classical “, under the supervision of Dr. Andrónico Neira-Carrillo, in the Laboratory of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers and Biomolecules (Polyforms) at the same School.

About the author
Dr. Neira-Carrillo received an undergraduate degree in Biochemistry (1996) and a Ph.D. degree (2003) from the University of Concepción (Chile)/Sponsor by Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research of Mainz (MPI-P), thesis entitled “Synthesis and characterization of derived Polisiloxane – Polisilazane by Cationic Method. Precursors of Ceramic Materials and Dispertion-Mineralization Agents”. Through a DAAD fellowship he spent 3 years at the MPI-P working with Prof. Gerhard Wegner. Dr. Neira-Carrillo has two Postdoc at the CIMAT (Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research in Materials) of the University of Chile and Max Planck Institute of Colloid and Interface Science. Dr. Neira-Carrillo has 29 articles (27 ISI), 9 Book´s chapter and he has participated in over 80 (national and international) conferences with more than 120 presentations and received invitation to give 15 lectures. His main research is related to “Synthesis of functionalized polymer materials and their biomedical applications”.
Dr. Neira-Carrillo participates as Referee of several ISI publications belonging to Elsevier, American Chemical Society (ACS), Springer, Wiley, American Scientific publishers, RSC publishing, etc. The research projects of Dr. Neira-Carrillo have been funded mainly by the Chilean Council for Science and Technology (CONICYT) and by vice-presidency of Research and Development (VID) of University of Chile. He is involved in several projects: Fondecyt, Fondef and Fondap ACCDiS (Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases) as principal investigator, alternate Director and associate investigator, respectively. Dr. Neira-Carrillo founded, Vaccimed S.A., the1st Spin–Off of the University of Chile. He is also Director of Polyforms (www.polyforms.cl), which is the unique Research-Network at the University of Chile funded by U-Redes Grants, VID of University of Chile.

Journal Reference
Ionics, 2015, Volume 21, Issue 11, pp 3141-3149.
Andrónico Neira-Carrillo 1,2, Patricio Vásquez-Quitral1, Marianela Sánchez1, Andrés Vargas-ernández1, Juan Francisco Silva3
[expand title=”Show Affiliations”]
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electrocatálisis, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile [/expand]
Abstract
Pathological crystallization of calcium oxalate (CaOx) inside the urinary tract is called calculi or kidney stone (Urolithiasis). Calcium oxalate exhibits three crystalline types in nature: calcium oxalate monohydrate COM, dihydrate COD and trihydrate COT. COD and COM are often found in urinary calculi, particularly COM. Electrocrystallization has been recently used to perform oriented crystallization of inorganic compounds such as Ca-salts. Although many mineralization methods exist, the mechanisms involved in the control of calcium oxalate polymorphism still remain unclear. Herein, we induced selective electrocrystallization of COD by modifying the electrical current, time and electrochemical cell type. By combining above factors, we established an efficient method without the use of additives for stabilizing non-pathological calcium oxalate crystals. We found notorious stabilization of calcium oxalate polymorphisms with hierarchically complex shape with nano-organization assembly, size and aggregated crystalline particles. Our results demonstrated that, by using an optimized electrochemical approach, this technique could have great potential for studying the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate through functionalized synthetic polymers, and to develop a novel pathway to evaluate new calculi preventing-compound inhibitors.
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