Development of a new method to study early stages of amyloid-β peptides oligomer

Significance 

The human brain comprises around 90 billion neurons, roughly as many grains of sand as in a large dump truck. These neurons juggle electrochemical information as signals among the brain, muscles and organs to orchestrate the symphony of life from survival to self-awareness. Alzheimer’s disease disrupts this complex neuronal networking, causing functional disability and cell death. As yet uncurable, available treatments are symptomatic, supportive, or palliative; a breakthrough in understanding its pathogenesis may brighten the prospects for medication, diagnosis and prevention.

The role of amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease has long been recognized. Amyloid-β peptides are derived from amyloid precursor protein and they self-assemble into sizes ranging from low-molecular-weight aggregates and larger oligomers to amyloid fibrils. These last are known to be neurotoxic but recent research suggests that oligomeric disordered aggregates are also toxic, possibly even more than fibrils.

Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and a major cause of disability. Now, researchers led by professor Kichitaro Nakajima at Osaka University and Hokkaido University have shown that repeated precipitation-dissolution events of salt crystals do occur even at low salt concentrations in nanoscales, and that it can accelerate the aggregation of the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides implicated in its pathogenesis.

Fibril aggregation begins with nucleation followed by an elongation stage. Until now, the early stages of oligomer evolution have been difficult to study because of their morphologic variability, the timeframe for nucleation, and the lack of a suitable fluorescent assay. Using liquid-state transmission electron microscopy, the researchers analyzed the aggregation of protein molecules, acquiring time-resolved nanoscale images and electron diffraction patterns. Remarkably, they discovered that a salt crystal can precipitate even at a concentration well below its solubility due to local density fluctuation, and its rapid dissolution accelerates the aggregation reaction of amyloid-β peptides. This formation of temporary salt crystals provides a mechanism whereby proteins adhere to the surface of the crystal; as it dissolves, the interface shrinks, condensing the proteins at the vanishing point. This phenomenon resembles the aggregation acceleration by ultrasonic cavitation bubble. Proteins are attached on the bubble surface during the expansion phase, and they are highly condensed by the subsequent bubble collapses by the positive pressure of ultrasonic wave at its center. This is the artificial catalytic effect. Thus, in an autocatalytic-like nanoscopic aggregation mechanism, salt dissolution accelerates the aggregation reaction, and the aggregate itself can promote salt nucleation.

The aggregation of amyloid-β peptides is slow and this has been a hindrance to pharmaceutical research. Establishing an effective acceleration method such as the one reported in this study will help clarify their structural evolution from monomer to fibril. This knowledge is key to understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.

Development of a new method to study early stages of amyloid-β peptides oligomer - Medicine Innovates
Fig. 1 Schematic illustrations of the nanoscopic autocatalytic-like aggregation mechanism of Aβ peptides through the precipitation-dissolution event of a salt crystal. Credit: Osaka University

 

Development of a new method to study early stages of amyloid-β peptides oligomer - Medicine Innovates
Fig. 2 Images showing the precipitation-dissolution event of a salt crystal observed by the liquid-state transmission-electron micrography. Credit: Osaka University

Reference

Kichitaro Nakajima, Tomoya Yamazaki, Yuki Kimura, Masatomo So, Yuji Goto, and Hirotsugu Ogi. Time-Resolved Observation of Evolution of Amyloid-β Oligomer with Temporary Salt Crystals.  The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (2020). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01487

Go To The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters