Significance Statement
Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology, enabling the synthesis of new nanomaterials, have led to the development of a number of new drug delivery systems. Carbon materials, like graphene oxide (GO), are known to be more environmentally and biologically friendly than inorganic materials, and it is one of the most common elements in our ecosystem. In biomedical applications and nanomedicine, graphene oxide have been utilized over existing drug delivery vectors due to their ability to cross cell membranes easily and their high surface area, which provides multiple attachment sites for drug targeting. Indeed, with the expanding use of graphene oxide in biomedical applications, a broader understanding of its toxicology is of high importance. The molecular basis for translocation and toxicity of graphene oxide is still largely unclear. So, for the successful application of graphene oxide in nanomedicine the knowledge of the influence of graphene oxide on the viability of various cells and the search for the ways to reduce the toxicity of graphene oxide still remains an unsolved problem. In the present work we estimated the influence of graphene oxide and graphene oxide with 10% of bovine serum albumin on Chinese hamster ovary and mouse hepatoma MH-22A cells in vitro and the structural changes of the cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM), distribution of graphene oxide inside the cells by Raman spectroscopy, imaging. Healthy and cancer cells were chosen in order to determine if the impact of graphene oxide on cell viability is different in healthy and cancer cells.
Figure legend.
a) Raman scattering image of GO distribution in CHO cell. Intensity maps of the ‘G’ band of GO nanoparticles. b) Viability of CHO and mouse hepatoma MH-22A cells after the treatment with BSA, GO and GO–BSA at different concentrations of GO. c) AFM image of CHO control cells.
Journal Reference
Toxicol In Vitro. 2015;29(5):1195-200.
Batiuskaite D1, Grinceviciute N2, Snitka V3.
[expand title=”Show Affiliations”]- Research Center for Microsystems and Nanotechnology, Kaunas University of Technology, 65 Studentu str., Kaunas LT-51369, Lithuania; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 58 K. Donelaicio str., Kaunas LT-44248, Lithuania.
- Research Center for Microsystems and Nanotechnology, Kaunas University of Technology, 65 Studentu str., Kaunas LT-51369, Lithuania. Electronic address: [email protected]
- Research Center for Microsystems and Nanotechnology, Kaunas University of Technology, 65 Studentu str., Kaunas LT-51369, Lithuania. Electronic address: [email protected]
Abstract
The evaluation of the cyto- and bio-compatibility is a critical step in the development of graphene oxide (GO) as a new promising material for in vivo biomedical applications. In this study, we report the impact of GO, with and without the addition of bovine serum albumin, on healthy (Chinese hamster ovary) and a cancer (mouse hepatoma MH-22A) cells viability and the estimation of the intracellular distribution of GO inside the cells in vitro. The viability tests were performed using a colony formation assay. The intracellular distribution of GO was estimated using Raman spectroscopy and imaging. The viability of both cell lines decreased with increasing concentration of graphene oxide (12.5-50.0 μg/ml): in the case of Chinese hamster ovary cells viability decreased from 44% to 11%, in the case of mouse hepatoma MH-22A cells–from 22% to 3%. These cell lines significantly differed in their response to GO and GO-BSA formulations. The results of viability tests correlate with results of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy and imaging findings. The GO influence on cell morphology changes, cell structure, cells colony growth dynamics and GO accumulation inside the cells was higher in the case of mouse hepatoma MH-22A cells.
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